The Battle of Gettysburg stands as one of the most pivotal moments in American history. Fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, it was a clash between the Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. This battle would leave an indelible mark on the nation, forever shaping its course and cementing its place in the annals of military history. To understand the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg, it is essential to delve into the causes of the American Civil War and explore the major players on both sides.

The roots of the American Civil War can be traced back to deep-seated divisions that existed within the United States during the mid-19th century. The primary cause of this conflict was the issue of slavery and its expansion into newly acquired territories. The economic, social, and political differences between the Northern states, which were more industrialized and had a growing abolitionist movement, and the Southern states, which relied heavily on agriculture and maintained a slave-based economy, fueled the tensions that ultimately led to war.

The election of Abraham Lincoln as the President of the United States in 1860 served as a catalyst for the secession of several Southern states. Fearing that Lincoln's anti-slavery stance would threaten their way of life, seven states, including South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The secession crisis intensified when these states seized federal installations, including forts, arsenals, and government buildings.

The conflict escalated further when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War. The war's central issue, the institution of slavery, shaped the motivations and ideologies of both the Union and Confederate forces throughout the course of the conflict.

The Union Army, also known as the Army of the Potomac, was the principal force representing the United States and its federal government during the Civil War. Led by an array of skilled commanders, it aimed to preserve the Union, restore federal authority, and ultimately eradicate slavery.

Among the notable figures within the Union forces were:

• Abraham Lincoln: The 16th President of the United States, Lincoln was the commander-in-chief and the guiding force behind the Union war effort. His leadership and determination played a pivotal role in mobilizing resources and marshaling public support for the Union cause.
• General George G. Meade: Appointed as the commander of the Army of the Potomac just days before the Battle of Gettysburg, Meade was responsible for leading the Union forces during the critical three-day engagement. His tactical decisions and steadfastness would shape the outcome of the battle.
• General John Buford: Buford was a career United States Army officer who played a crucial role in the early stages of the Battle of Gettysburg. As commander of the Union cavalry, he recognized the strategic significance of the town and its surrounding terrain, positioning his troops to delay the Confederate advance.