From renowned neuroscientist Dr. Vyshedskiy comes a bold and original account of the evolutionary journey that led to humanity’s most defining trait: syntactic language. Drawing on over 40 years of research and his acclaimed course Neuroscience of Consciousness and the Evolution of Language at Boston University, Vyshedskiy masterfully bridges cutting-edge neuroscience with anthropology, linguistics, and evolutionary biology.70,000 years ago, Earth was home to at least six human species. Today, only Homo sapiens remain. What set us apart? What cognitive leap allowed early modern humans to outcompete all others and reshape the planet?

This book traces the answer deep into evolutionary time—starting 200 million years ago with the rise of the six-layered neocortex in early mammals, enabling mental representations of objects, a foundational skill for language. It then follows a pivotal advance 70 million years ago, when primates evolved the lateral prefrontal cortex, enhancing executive control over perception and memory.

The story accelerates 2 million years ago with the gradual emergence of combinatorial thought and protolanguage, culminating in a sudden cognitive revolution just 70,000 years ago: the birth of Prefrontal Synthesis. This uniquely human mental ability allowed for the creation of complex, nested ideas—fueling syntactic language, storytelling, and the cultural explosion that transformed our species.

Unlike most books on language evolution that take historical or linguistic paths, Vyshedskiy grounds his narrative in neuroscience, offering a rich, interdisciplinary view of how anatomical changes, developmental windows, and cultural innovations aligned to give rise to the human mind.

A powerful intellectual prequel to Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari, this book is essential for anyone fascinated by the origins of human cognition. Provocative and insightful, it will resonate with listeners of Jared Diamond, Noam Chomsky, and Ian Tattersall,